Impact of FMCG food Packaging on Consumer Buying Behaviour

Impact of FMCG nutriment forwarding on Consumer debase behaviorChapter 1 launchPreliminary Data Gathering1.1 Introduction to the ReportDuring the brook cardinal decades umpteen most-valuable developments in the perplex of feed in day-after-day life story of consumers and producers takes place. In earlier times consumers were self sufficient, but during the last dickens decades things conduct been changed and thither was a rapid development in the industrialization of aliment furtherance conversation act. So this search pilevass foc employs on the bea of package which is single of the most important elements of merchandising mix and many marketers had con nervered package as a fifth P , sequence the other quadruple Ps ar growth, Placement, Promotional and Price. So case is delectationd as an important selling whoreson. In marketing terms, advancement layabout be delineate as All the activities of designing and producing the container or wrappin g of a reapingionion, forwarding is a structure designed to contain a commercial food return, i.e. to authorise it easier and safer to transport, to protect the harvest-tide over against contamination or loss, degradation or pervert and to produce a convenient way to dispense the ingathering 1.Packaging in the main(prenominal) sens be divided into three types, i.e. Consumer Packaging, Transport incase and sustenance Packaging. This direct is specified solitary(prenominal) to food forwarding as food advancement industry requires promotion material that provides effective barriers, preserves product in effect and therefore increases the shelf life of the product 2. However promotional material is criticized largely from the environmental phase of view, because many inquiryers think that packaging is depleting natural resources, as received form of sheafs argon health hazards, and there is a signifi back tootht problem of disposing of these packages. market enquiryers check to deal with these criticisms, and must set up the positive features of packaging, like product protection, preservation, containment, communication, consumer convenience and marketing support 3.In context of above description, this study is basically consists of observations, surveys and interview from the consumers not only(prenominal) to determine how packaging of existing FMCG food products contain, preserve, and take place the tainter, but the late food products too, because the variables for selecting the existing food products are diverse from the variables for selecting the youthful FMCG food products, secondly to know the magnificence of packaging on their buying conclusion process both for existing and new products, how they get submit, and how a good quality and winning packaging convince them to buy situation FMCG food products.1.2 Background of the studyThe professional fields are becoming much and more challenging and belligerent in t he present arena. So, in prepare to endure and be masteryful in any field, you must wee-wee the complicated generate and appropriate skills of the concerned field. In fact this is true rough the fields of management sciences, in which the Knowledge and skills of a person fuck be polished, if he goes by heart of some serviceable experiences. at that placefore this study is generally conducted to have the knowledge of practical bloodline situations, because the theoretical knowledge might not al ways match with the practical situations, where we do businesses. Therefore this would be the socialising to the market in a sense of have goting our theoretical knowledge in the practical fields.In this regard, I have selected the line of business of Packaging for my research study which carries a great concern in the present arena because in the last star and half decade the importance of packaging has been actualized immensely and by having packaging knowledge and designi ng skills, practically you can enhance your capabilities. Packaging has get across all the consumer tangible goods in order to create and enhance the marketing efforts.According to internationalist Association of Packaging interrogation shews IAPRI, the packaging technology has g one and only(a)(p) through a significant and fast exploitation in youthful years, and globally the packaging material and machinery industry is estimated to be worth of $ 500 meg per year representing almost 1-2 % of the GDP industrialized country, and over 100, 00 packaging manufacturing companies have employed approx 5 million people to serve all packaging business manufacturers high society 4.1.3 Introduction to the topicThe topic for my research is A fall out on the Impact form of FMCG food Packaging on Consumer acquire air in which we pass try to explore the variables of packaging not only for the existing food products but for the new products too, which attracts consumer carriage and turn them to buy.1.3.1 Importance of PackagingMany researchers together with Price, Promotion, Placement and Product covers Packaging as a fifth P as a marketing tools, because they think that packaging is a face of a product which actually refers to the material that servers to contain, identify, describe, protect, display and press a specific product. The main objectives of packaging are to keep the food in good condition until it is sold or have been consumed and to encourage the consumer to buy it again and again. Correct packaging is essential to achieve above given objectives. p.a. billion of pounds are spent on packaging food.1.3.2 Functions of PackagingThere are many protecting functions and purposes of packaging that yield consumers to buy a detail product.The various functions of packaging can be divided into three main types Primary, secondary and tertiary (additional Functions). Primary functions concerned with the technical nature of the product spell the seconda ry and tertiary functions are relate to communications.The Primary Functions of packaging are to protect and storage of a product from loss, slander or any amiable of deterioration from environmental conditions much(prenominal) as humidity, temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. i.e. the intensity of a package, because people wants material that will really protect the product they bought and something that can resist handling and shipping.The Secondary and Tertiary Functions of packaging are the sales, processional, aid and guarantee functions. The main intentions of sales function of package is to promote the sales processes and to bear it more effective and efficient, therefore in designing a package promotional materials should be position at right place, because it plays an important role to communicate about the product functions, features, and other readingal elements. The various breedingal elements such as product features, manufacturing and end date, ingredients breeding, nutritional data, food labeling etc. provides the consumer with details about the table of contents and use of a picky product. Therefore these promotional materials should be properly placed on the package in order to attract the likely consumers attention and to have a positive regard on their buying behavior 5.1.3.3 Consumer Buying BehaviorThe other main concern of the study is to know about consumer buying behavior or consumer closes making process and how packaging can find out them to buy a particular product. Marella in one of her articles about packaging defines consumer buying behavior as the process by which individuals search, select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services, in pleasure of their need and want. When consumers need to purchase something, they normally go for the brands which are legitimate and try not to seek other products such as new products or the brand which they dont know at all 6. Therefore at the fleck of pu rchase what communicates or influence consumer to buy particular product is only Packaging. Similarly quality judgments are significantly influence by the product characteristics reflected by the packaging because packaging acts as a communicator, and it underlines boilersuit features and functions of a product that lies in it such as informational elements, product features, material apply etc. So if the package is well design and attractive enough, consumer will likely to buy it especially in the case of new products. So, it is important that products should be well and attractive packaged to gain consumer attention.1.4 Purpose of the piece of workSuccess of a product depends on developing a strong relationship with consumer through an affective and efficient synergetic marketing mix, in which Packaging is one of the main elements to influence because packaging is the language of a product which only communicate to the consumer without any instance and has an immense effect on purchase decision.Most Fast despicable Consumer Goods (FMCG) is low involvement products. In low involvement, consumers do not search extensively for information about the brands, evaluate their characteristics, and make a weighty decision on which brand to buy, and as packaging plays an important role in success of a brand and on a retail shelf it is the last opport unity to influence the consumer to buy, so the main purpose of this research, so this study will be conducted with an idea of knowing the wallop influence of packaging on the purchase decision of FMCG food products, which are broadly speaking consumed frequently and withal to know the experiences of the ultimate consumers about packaging.The research study is basically conducted to apply my theoretical knowledge of marketing in the practical field of professionals by interviewing dissimilar consumers and to know their views and optences towards the importance of food packaging.The objective of the research study will be focused onTo know consumer awareness about packaging.To try on the influence of existing and new FMCG food products packaging on consumer buying behavior.To examine consumer experience of purchasing packaged food products.To encounter how packaging can influence them to purchase their decision powersTo know whether a good and attractive packaging of FMCG food products can influence consumers to buy it or not?Beside this the research is the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelors of Business Administration and the submission to the Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar.1.5 Methodology of the radicalThis study has been conducted with the following procedures1.5.1 Reading ArticlesReading articles are the formation of the strongest foundation. For this research study I have been reading and flavour at polar articles and research studies both in libraries as well as through Internet and searching through digital libraries the literature of th e my research study.1.5.2 QuestionnairesThe data for my research study has been collected from a representative sample of cc people, who are responsible for purchasing the household food products and are to a fault the ultimate consumers of the packaged food products.The sample from population was derived from shoppers at diametrical geographic areas of Peshawar. The questionnaire was initially put to pilot testing on 5 respondents for lucidity and validity. Through the use of questions related to the study, the respondents were utmostly encouraged to express their opinions. The questionnaire comprised of few questions, sort in five sections Visual Impact, Brand Information, food labeling and nutrition information, and new products purchasing. The impact of these variables is analyzed in the Analysis section.Responses of the consumers have been converted to frequencies and percentages by using SPSS software through which I developed the Bar chart or Histogram in order to explai n the degree of impact of mentioned variables on the purchase decision I have also used the Pie chart method in order to find the most influencing variable on the purchase decision.1.6 Scope of the StudyThe Scope for my research study is limited to Peshawar city and the sample for my research has also been taken from the population of Peshawar city for salt away primary data. The market, which has been surveyed, is limited to the consumers in Peshawar region.The reader of this research report will be able to check the preferences of consumers about the packaging especially the food packaging, because consumers are more connected to the food industry. And also they would be having better understanding that how packaging can influence consumers purchase decision? Besides, this research study will also show the knowledge and understanding of packaging features and roles in the marketing efforts and new demands from the packaging industries as far as consumers are concerned.1.7 Limita tionsThe first hurdle that I have go about is the unavailability of the secondary data about our local markets consumers therefore, in this peg I had the difficulty to find the relevant data as far as my study of research is concerned. Another limitation is the difficulty in collecting primary data in the market as I have used Questionnaire method but mostly respondents were not familiar about that how to understand and respond to a question being asked. Third limitation is time constraint, which is again a pressure on us to finalize the research report which might caused this research report be deficient in order to cover e real aspect of my research study but still I made the best of it.1.8 SamplingThe study population comprised of 200 people who are the ultimate consumers of packaged food products. The sample has been drawn from supermarkets located in different geographical areas in Peshawar and also collected data from the respondents in the universities. For my studies I use d stratified sampling method and judgment sampling method. I divide my sample into three main stratas like those males which got the purchasing power and do purchase regardless of the family members, second those female households which ultimately got the purchasing power, and lastly childrens. For childrens I used judgment sampling method.1.9 Scheme of ReportThis report is make in five main sections. Section 1 consists of one chapter that describes the initiation of the report, objectives and the purpose of the report. Section 2 consists of two chapters that constitute literature of this study and antithetical variables involved, respectively. Section 3 also consists of two chapters in which theoretical exemplar and nature of the research, i.e. research design has been describe. In Section 4 there is one chapter in which the data analysis has been done and the last Section, which is Section 5, consists of one chapter that mainly embarrasss the Conclusion and Recommendations of this Research Study.References Cited(1) Marketing Dictionary, Small Business Encyclopedia Packaging, sack Link http//www.answers.com/topic/packaging(2) Peters-Texeira, A., Badrie, N. (2005). Consumers perception of food packaging in Trinidad, West Indies and its related impact on food choices. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 29(6), 508-514. Retrieved from E-Journals database.(3) M. Sehrawet and S.C. Kundu, (2007), Buying behavior of rural and urban consumers in India the impact of packaging, International Journal of Consumer Studies Vol31, pp630-638(4) Packaging Research Background to Packaging, Online Available athttp//www.iapriweb.org/packaging_research.html(5) Transport information System, Functions of Packaging. Online Availabale athttp//www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/verpack/funktion/funktion.htmanfanganfang(6) Marella, Does product packaging significantly influence consumer buying behavior? Online Available at http//www.helium.com/items/1582891-packaging-affecting-consumer -behaviorChapter 2Literature ReviewLiterature Review2.1 IntroductionThis chapter presents the publications of a comprehensive literature search in several aspects to this work. The prime objective of this literature survey is to identify those variables, which are involved in this research study about perception of food packaging, that how consumer perceive about food packaging in industry and how they are influence the purchase of consumer decision in choosing any FMCG food products.2.2 Packaging DefinitionPackaging can be defined as, All the activities of designing and producing the container or wrapper of a product. The container is called package. Packaging is a structure designed to contain a commercial food product, i.e. to make it easier and safer to transport, to protect the product against contamination or loss, degradation or damage and to produce a convenient way to dispense the product 1.Packaging also refers as a container, silent salesperson or a wrapper for a consum er product that assists a physical body of functions including protection and description of the product, contents and product marketing promotion. Creatively and innovatively designed packages actually add value to the product, if it meets a consumer need such as portion control, recyclability, tamper-proofing, child-proofing, easy-open, easy-store, easy-carry, and non breakability.The labels on packages such as informational elements, nutritional elements, ingredients elements, brand information are such type of important components of the packages which enhance the overall marketing mix and can support advertising claims, skeletal frame brand identity, heighten name recognition, and optimize shelf space allocations. When designing a packaging, the monetary value to manufacture, shipment, and display the package must be efficiently calculated. However, regarding to the packaging size and shape, the package must be design in a way that if it is small, then it should be small eno ugh to accommodate in stock(predicate) shelf space and large enough to dissuade theft. Furthermore, creatively designed packages must highlights the benefits of the product and contain an adequate amount of product to keep the per unit price competitive2.3 Packaging EvolutionIn early times, Before the cosmos War II, Packaging was primarily used and was often standardized to phone and protect products during storage, transportation, and dispersal. The main role of packaging was to ensure the preservation and transportation of products and purge for ease-of-use by the end consumer, but package design was typically left to technicians. However, After World War II, things were changed and companies became more interested in mass production and development of packaging and invest more in marketing and promotion tools as a means of alluring customers to purchase their products. As a result of which many manufacturers began to view packaging as an essential element of overall busine ss marketing strategies to lure buyers.This industry revolution and increased attention to packaging concurred with socioeconomic changes that were taking place around the world and on other hand with passage of time the consumers were becoming better educated, as a result of which their requireations of product, packaging designs and their trust on them was increased as well. Therefore, consumer began to rely such(prenominal) more heavily on manufactured goods and processed food items. New technologies related to production, manufacturer, storage distribution, and preservatives led to a massive increase in the number and type of products and brands available in industrialized nations. Thus, packaging became a critical means of differentiating items and informing busy consumers.Packaging today, is regarded, as an essential part of a successful business practice. Package design became a marketing mix promotion tool, and as a new corporate cost-consciousness developed in reaction t o increased competition, companies began to alter packaging techniques as a way to cut production, storage, and distribution expenses. Furthermore, marketers began to view packaging as a successful marketing tool to feat existing product lines by adding new items and to ticker new life into maturing product line 2.2.4 Packaging AttributesFood products brands use a divagate of packaging attributes, which comprises of packaging colourationise, packaging designs, shapes, messages, and symbols (Pinya Silayoi Mark Speece, Oct, 2004) 1. These attributes attracts and sustains the attention of consumers and help them to identify with the range of a functions presented. The importance of packaging design and the use of packaging as a fomite for communication and branding are growing in packaged food competitive markets.Consumers intentions to purchase packaged products depend on the degree of extent to which consumers expect that the product will satisfy their need when they will consum e it. But there are certain situations when they havent even heard about the products so a good deal while entering into the stores, (especially in the case of new products) so the intentions to purchase that very particular product is basically determined by what is communicated at the point of sale. So, at the time of sale when the product is not familiar to the consumer, the only part that attracts consumers to purchase is Packaging which is also called as Silent Salesperson. It acts as s silent salesperson and became a critical factor when the consumer decision making process is in progress, and how they perceive it depends upon the communication elements, which become the key factor to success for marketing strategies.Now to achieve that communication goal effectively and to optimize the potential of packaging, the marketers and the package designers must have to consider consumer perception point, their past experiences, their needs wants, and understand how packaging desi gn layouts get consumers to notice the package and notice messages on the package and evaluate packaging design and labeling for their effectiveness in the communication effort because it is also important to notice that not all consumers evaluate the packaging in the same way.2.5 Packaging Functions and ElementsPinya Silayoi and Mark Speece (2004), defines the basic functions of packaging logistically and marketing by their role. The logistical function of packaging is mainly to protect the product from incidence of damage, spoilage or loss through theft or unsettle goods during movement through the distribution channel. While in the context of marketing function, the packaging should be attractive enough and well design, so that it conveys the message of product attributes clearly.Now whatever the logical stipulations of packaging, the marketing function of packaging attributes plays a vital role as a communicator and it is only the package that sells the product by attracting a nd communicating the consumers, and allows the product to be comprised, divvy up, unitized and protected.Quality judgments are largely influenced by product charactertics reflected by packaging, because packages overall features can underline the uniqueness and originality of the product. If the packaging attributes communicates high quality, consumers assume that the product is of high quality. However if the package symbolizes or communicates low quality, consumers transfer this low quality perception to the product itself. So the packaging acts as communicator and communicates favorable or unfavorable implied meaning about the product. Mark Speece (2004) suggests that consumers are more likely to spontaneously imagine aspects of how a product looks tastes, feels, smells, or sounds while they are viewing a product picture on the package.A canvas of the above literature indicates that there are mainly four packaging elements potentially affecting consumer purchase decisions. They can be separated into two categories visual and informational elements. The visual elements consist of graphics, images size and shape of packaging. Informational elements relate to product information and information about the technologies used in the package. However the product information can further be categorized into food labeling, ingredients information, nutrition information, usage detail, and manufacturers / company details, manufacturing and expiry information etc.2.6 Variables of Packaging2.6.1 Visual Elements2.6.1.1 Graphics and ColorThe importee of graphics is explained by the images created on the product. Graphics designs are visual presentations which include layout, color combinations, typography, and product photography all of which create a positive and characteristic image. For consumers, the package is the product, and different consumers respond to different packages in different ways depending on their involvement train (Silayoi Speece, 2004). For low involvement products, such as FMCG, where initial impressions formed during initial contact can have lasting impact and where evaluation of attributes is less important in decision making, here then a highly noticeable factor such as graphics and colors becomes more important (Grossman and Wisenblit, 1999) (3). On the other hand, the behavior of consumers towards high involvement products is mostly influenced by image issues. For low involvement, there is a strong impact on consumer decision making from the development of the market through marketing communications, including image building (Kupiec and Revell, 2001). (4)2.6.1.2 Placement of Visual Impact Elements MattersIn packaging layouts, the musical arrangement of visual elements also plays an important role for consumer psyche, because a psychic research of Rettie and Brewer, (2000) (5) indicates that mentality laterality results in an asymmetry in the perception of elements in packaging designs. The recall of package elemen ts/attributes is likely to be influenced by their lateral pass position on the package, as well as by other usually recognized factors, such as font color, font size and font style. Research shows that for verbal stimuli recall is better when the copy is on the right-hand side of the package, and better for non-verbal stimuli when it is on the left-handed side. This may imply that, in order to maximise consumers recall, pictorial elements, such as product photography, typography, it should be positioned on the left-hand side of the package.Grossman and Wisenblit (1999) (6), says in their research that consumers also learn color connectives, which lead them to prefer certain colors for certain product categories. For a unique particular brand, using color as a clue on packaging can nurture a potentially strong association. However people in different acculturations are exposed to different colors and according their own culture they develop different color preferences. So as a ma rketer, color consideration should be the part of their marketing strategies and by keeping in foreland the color consideration according to people perception in different culture, colors of a particular logo, package or product design should be done after a thorough understanding of color association according to culture.2.6.1.3 Packaging Size and ShapeSilayoi and Speece, (2004) states that in packaging, the other visual elements such as size and shape are also important in consideration. Package size, shape and elongation also affect consumer judgments and considerations. Consumers use these things as simplifying visual heuristics to make volume judgments. They generally perceive more elongated packages to be large.In case of sizes, especially for generic products, different sizes of packages may appeal to consumer with different involvement level. Usually generic products are packaged in larger sizes, which communicate to consumers who are specifically looking for good deals. S o, this implies that when the product quality is toughened to determine, as with generics, the packaging size effect is important. Thus elongating the shape, within refreshing bound, should result in consumer thinking of the package as better value for silver also conceivably affect perceived volume.2.6.2 Informational Elements2.6.2.1 Product InformationProduct information includes information elements, such as food labeling, nutrition information, health information, ingredients information, manufactures date, expiry date.In high involvement level, the behavior of consumers toward product characterized is less influenced by image issues, graphical and visual response, in such cases consumer seeks product information which is one of the important packaging functions to communicate. (Kupiec and Revell, 2001 Silayoi and Speece, 2004). (7) Written information on the package can assists consumers in making their decisions carefully as they consider product characteristics.Package lay out is important for information presentation. Food labeling is considered as significant information on packaging and a recent study shows that 90 percent of the consumers trends towards healthier eating have highlighted the importance of labeling, which also allows consumers the opportunity to cautiously consider alternatives and make cognizant food choices. However, packaging information can create cloudiness by imparting either too such(prenominal) misleads the inaccurate information. Manufacturers and package designers often use very small fonts and very dense writing styles to pack extensive information on the label, which lead to poor readability and sometimes confusion.As confusion can affect consumer decision quality, So Mitchell and Papavassiloiu (1999) (8), suggests that consumer confusion of information overload can be reduced by narrowing down their choice sets, because by reducing their choice alternatives and evaluation attributes decreases the probability that th ey will be confused by excessive choice and information overload. This strategy could also be employ to more experience consumers, because loyal consumers potentially look fewer brand alternatives. So, it is the experience which makes consumer more selectively perspective and restrict the scope of their choices.Hughes (1998) (9), in one of his journals grabs the attention towards involvement level, that sometimes involvement level reflects the extent of personal relevance of the individuals personal goals, basic values and self concept. If the product does not stimuli much interest, consumers do not give much attention to it. High involvement level shows more personal relevance. In general, consumer acquisition of low involvement products is often done without carefully examining brand and product information. This lack of commitment suggests that information on the package would carry relatively less value in such cases. On the other hand, more highly involved consumers evaluate message information more carefully, relying on the message to form their attitudes and purchase intentions (Silayoi and Speece, 2004).2.6.2.2 Packaging applied sciencePackaging for the FMCG food products in market plays a vital role in promoting the product to the customer, as well as carrying informative and legislative detail. have these roles requires commercial awareness, detailed knowledge of the relevant technologies, creative image care and consideration of the effect of colors, typography, photography that must support the product or brand. bod and technology of packaging decoration for the users market guides you through the technical and commercial factors to consider when planning the decoration, or label, of a package (10). Technology is basically close to related to the informational elements, because packaging technology conveys informational messages such as nutrition, health, ingredients which is linked to the consumer life style, so the technology of packaging d evelopment that constrained in the message communicated through technology must fulfill consumers need criteria.Consumers are even often alert to pay slightlImpact of FMCG food Packaging on Consumer Buying BehaviourImpact of FMCG food Packaging on Consumer Buying BehaviourChapter 1IntroductionPreliminary Data Gathering1.1 Introduction to the ReportDuring the last two decades many important developments in the position of food in daily life of consumers and producers takes place. In earlier times consumers were self sufficient, but during the last two decades things have been changed and there was a rapid development in the industrialization of food packaging communication process. So this research study focuses on the area of Packaging which is one of the most important elements of marketing mix and many marketers had considered packaging as a fifth P , while the other four Ps are Product, Placement, Promotional and Price. So packaging is used as an important marketing tool. In mar keting terms, Packaging can be defined as All the activities of designing and producing the container or wrapper of a product, Packaging is a structure designed to contain a commercial food product, i.e. to make it easier and safer to transport, to protect the product against contamination or loss, degradation or damage and to produce a convenient way to dispense the product 1.Packaging mainly can be divided into three types, i.e. Consumer Packaging, Transport packaging and Food Packaging. This study is specified only to food packaging as food packaging industry requires packaging material that provides efficient barriers, preserves product effectively and therefore increases the shelf life of the product 2. However packaging is criticized largely from the environmental point of view, because many researchers think that packaging is depleting natural resources, as certain form of packages are health hazards, and there is a significant problem of disposing of these packages. Marketin g researchers have to deal with these criticisms, and must enhance the positive features of packaging, like product protection, preservation, containment, communication, consumer convenience and marketing support 3.In context of above description, this study is basically consists of observations, surveys and interview from the consumers not only to determine how packaging of existing FMCG food products contain, preserve, and communicate the buyer, but the new food products too, because the variables for selecting the existing food products are different from the variables for selecting the new FMCG food products, secondly to know the importance of packaging on their buying decision process both for existing and new products, how they get influence, and how a good quality and attractive packaging convince them to buy particular FMCG food products.1.2 Background of the studyThe professional fields are becoming more and more challenging and competitive in the present arena. So, in orde r to endure and be successful in any field, you must have the deep knowledge and appropriate skills of the concerned field. In fact this is true about the fields of management sciences, in which the Knowledge and skills of a person can be polished, if he goes through some practical experiences. Therefore this study is mainly conducted to have the knowledge of practical business situations, because the theoretical knowledge might not always match with the practical situations, where we do businesses. Therefore this would be the socialization to the market in a sense of applying our theoretical knowledge in the practical fields.In this regard, I have selected the area of Packaging for my research study which carries a great concern in the present arena because in the last one and half decade the importance of packaging has been actualized immensely and by having packaging knowledge and designing skills, practically you can enhance your capabilities. Packaging has covered all the consu mer tangible goods in order to create and enhance the marketing efforts.According to International Association of Packaging Research Institutes IAPRI, the packaging technology has gone through a significant and fast exploitation in recent years, and globally the packaging material and machinery industry is estimated to be worth of $ 500 billion per year representing almost 1-2 % of the GDP industrialized country, and over 100, 00 packaging manufacturing companies have employed approx 5 million people to serve all packaging business manufacturers company 4.1.3 Introduction to the topicThe topic for my research is A Survey on the Impact influence of FMCG food Packaging on Consumer Buying Behavior in which we will try to explore the variables of packaging not only for the existing food products but for the new products too, which attracts consumer behavior and influence them to buy.1.3.1 Importance of PackagingMany researchers together with Price, Promotion, Placement and Product cons iders Packaging as a fifth P as a marketing tools, because they think that packaging is a face of a product which actually refers to the material that servers to contain, identify, describe, protect, display and promote a specific product. The main objectives of packaging are to keep the food in good condition until it is sold or have been consumed and to encourage the consumer to buy it again and again. Correct packaging is essential to achieve above given objectives. Yearly billion of pounds are spent on packaging food.1.3.2 Functions of PackagingThere are many protecting functions and purposes of packaging that influence consumers to buy a particular product.The various functions of packaging can be divided into three main types Primary, secondary and tertiary (additional Functions). Primary functions concerned with the technical nature of the product while the secondary and tertiary functions are related to communications.The Primary Functions of packaging are to protect and sto rage of a product from loss, damage or any kind of deterioration from environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. i.e. the durability of a package, because people wants material that will really protect the product they bought and something that can resist handling and shipping.The Secondary and Tertiary Functions of packaging are the sales, promotional, service and guarantee functions. The main intentions of sales function of package is to promote the sales processes and to make it more effective and efficient, therefore in designing a package promotional materials should be placed at right place, because it plays an important role to communicate about the product functions, features, and other informational elements. The various informational elements such as product features, manufacturing and expiry date, ingredients information, nutritional information, food labeling etc. provides the consumer with details about the contents and us e of a particular product. Therefore these promotional materials should be properly placed on the package in order to attract the potential consumers attention and to have a positive impact on their buying behavior 5.1.3.3 Consumer Buying BehaviorThe other main concern of the study is to know about consumer buying behavior or consumer decisions making process and how packaging can influence them to buy a particular product. Marella in one of her articles about packaging defines consumer buying behavior as the process by which individuals search, select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services, in satisfaction of their need and want. When consumers need to purchase something, they usually go for the brands which are trustworthy and try not to seek other products such as new products or the brand which they dont know at all 6. Therefore at the point of purchase what communicates or influence consumer to buy particular product is only Packaging. Similarly quality judgments are significantly influence by the product characteristics reflected by the packaging because packaging acts as a communicator, and it underlines overall features and functions of a product that lies in it such as informational elements, product features, material used etc. So if the package is well design and attractive enough, consumer will likely to buy it especially in the case of new products. So, it is important that products should be well and attractive packaged to gain consumer attention.1.4 Purpose of the StudySuccess of a product depends on developing a strong relationship with consumer through an affective and efficient synergetic marketing mix, in which Packaging is one of the main elements to influence because packaging is the language of a product which only communicate to the consumer without any interpreter and has an immense effect on purchase decision.Most Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) is low involvement products. In low involvement, consumers do not search exten sively for information about the brands, evaluate their characteristics, and make a weighty decision on which brand to buy, and as packaging plays an important role in success of a brand and on a retail shelf it is the last opportunity to influence the consumer to buy, so the main purpose of this research, so this study will be conducted with an idea of knowing the impact influence of packaging on the purchase decision of FMCG food products, which are mostly consumed frequently and also to know the experiences of the ultimate consumers about packaging.The research study is basically conducted to apply my theoretical knowledge of marketing in the practical field of professionals by interviewing different consumers and to know their views and preferences towards the importance of food packaging.The objective of the research study will be focused onTo know consumer awareness about packaging.To examine the influence of existing and new FMCG food products packaging on consumer buying be havior.To examine consumer experience of purchasing packaged food products.To understand how packaging can influence them to purchase their decision powersTo know whether a good and attractive packaging of FMCG food products can influence consumers to buy it or not?Beside this the research is the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelors of Business Administration and the submission to the Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar.1.5 Methodology of the reportThis study has been conducted with the following procedures1.5.1 Reading ArticlesReading articles are the formation of the strongest foundation. For this research study I have been reading and looking at different articles and research studies both in libraries as well as through Internet and searching through digital libraries the literature of the my research study.1.5.2 QuestionnairesThe data for my research study has been collected from a representative sample of 200 people, who are responsible for purchasing the household food products and are also the ultimate consumers of the packaged food products.The sample from population was derived from shoppers at different geographical areas of Peshawar. The questionnaire was initially put to pilot testing on 5 respondents for clarity and validity. Through the use of questions related to the study, the respondents were highly encouraged to express their opinions. The questionnaire comprised of few questions, grouped in five sections Visual Impact, Brand Information, food labeling and nutrition information, and new products purchasing. The impact of these variables is analyzed in the Analysis section.Responses of the consumers have been converted to frequencies and percentages by using SPSS software through which I developed the Bar chart or Histogram in order to explain the degree of impact of mentioned variables on the purchase decision I have also used the Pie chart method in order to find the most influencing variable on the purc hase decision.1.6 Scope of the StudyThe Scope for my research study is limited to Peshawar city and the sample for my research has also been taken from the population of Peshawar city for collecting primary data. The market, which has been surveyed, is limited to the consumers in Peshawar region.The reader of this research report will be able to understand the preferences of consumers about the packaging especially the food packaging, because consumers are more connected to the food industry. And also they would be having better understanding that how packaging can influence consumers purchase decision? Besides, this research study will also show the knowledge and understanding of packaging features and roles in the marketing efforts and new demands from the packaging industries as far as consumers are concerned.1.7 LimitationsThe first hurdle that I have faced is the unavailability of the secondary data about our local markets consumers therefore, in this stage I had the difficulty to find the relevant data as far as my study of research is concerned. Another limitation is the difficulty in collecting primary data in the market as I have used Questionnaire method but mostly respondents were not familiar about that how to understand and respond to a question being asked. Third limitation is time constraint, which is again a pressure on us to finalize the research report which might caused this research report be deficient in order to cover every aspect of my research study but still I made the best of it.1.8 SamplingThe study population comprised of 200 people who are the ultimate consumers of packaged food products. The sample has been drawn from supermarkets located in different geographical areas in Peshawar and also collected data from the respondents in the universities. For my studies I used stratified sampling method and judgment sampling method. I divide my sample into three main stratas like those males which got the purchasing power and do purchase r egardless of the family members, second those female households which ultimately got the purchasing power, and lastly childrens. For childrens I used judgment sampling method.1.9 Scheme of ReportThis report is organized in five main sections. Section 1 consists of one chapter that describes the introduction of the report, objectives and the purpose of the report. Section 2 consists of two chapters that constitute literature of this study and Different variables involved, respectively. Section 3 also consists of two chapters in which theoretical framework and nature of the research, i.e. research design has been describe. In Section 4 there is one chapter in which the data analysis has been done and the last Section, which is Section 5, consists of one chapter that mainly includes the Conclusion and Recommendations of this Research Study.References Cited(1) Marketing Dictionary, Small Business Encyclopedia Packaging, Web Link http//www.answers.com/topic/packaging(2) Peters-Texeira, A ., Badrie, N. (2005). Consumers perception of food packaging in Trinidad, West Indies and its related impact on food choices. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 29(6), 508-514. Retrieved from E-Journals database.(3) M. Sehrawet and S.C. Kundu, (2007), Buying behavior of rural and urban consumers in India the impact of packaging, International Journal of Consumer Studies Vol31, pp630-638(4) Packaging Research Background to Packaging, Online Available athttp//www.iapriweb.org/packaging_research.html(5) Transport information System, Functions of Packaging. Online Availabale athttp//www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/verpack/funktion/funktion.htmanfanganfang(6) Marella, Does product packaging significantly influence consumer buying behavior? Online Available at http//www.helium.com/items/1582891-packaging-affecting-consumer-behaviorChapter 2Literature ReviewLiterature Review2.1 IntroductionThis chapter presents the results of a comprehensive literature search in several aspects to this work. The prime objective of this literature survey is to identify those variables, which are involved in this research study about perception of food packaging, that how consumer perceive about food packaging in industry and how they are influence the purchase of consumer decision in choosing any FMCG food products.2.2 Packaging DefinitionPackaging can be defined as, All the activities of designing and producing the container or wrapper of a product. The container is called package. Packaging is a structure designed to contain a commercial food product, i.e. to make it easier and safer to transport, to protect the product against contamination or loss, degradation or damage and to produce a convenient way to dispense the product 1.Packaging also refers as a container, silent salesperson or a wrapper for a consumer product that assists a number of functions including protection and description of the product, contents and product marketing promotion. Creatively and innovatively designed packages actually add value to the product, if it meets a consumer need such as portion control, recyclability, tamper-proofing, child-proofing, easy-open, easy-store, easy-carry, and non breakability.The labels on packages such as informational elements, nutritional elements, ingredients elements, brand information are such type of important components of the packages which enhance the overall marketing mix and can support advertising claims, build brand identity, heighten name recognition, and optimize shelf space allocations. When designing a packaging, the monetary value to manufacture, shipment, and display the package must be efficiently calculated. However, regarding to the packaging size and shape, the package must be design in a way that if it is small, then it should be small enough to accommodate available shelf space and large enough to dissuade theft. Furthermore, creatively designed packages must highlights the benefits of the product and contain an adequate amount of product to keep the per unit price competitive2.3 Packaging EvolutionIn early times, Before the World War II, Packaging was primarily used and was often standardized to surround and protect products during storage, transportation, and distribution. The main role of packaging was to ensure the preservation and transportation of products and even for ease-of-use by the end consumer, but package design was typically left to technicians. However, After World War II, things were changed and companies became more interested in mass production and development of packaging and invest more in marketing and promotion tools as a means of alluring customers to purchase their products. As a result of which many manufacturers began to view packaging as an essential element of overall business marketing strategies to lure buyers.This industry revolution and increased attention to packaging concurred with socioeconomic changes that were taking place around the world and on other hand with passage o f time the consumers were becoming better educated, as a result of which their expectations of product, packaging designs and their trust on them was increased as well. Therefore, consumer began to rely much more heavily on manufactured goods and processed food items. New technologies related to production, manufacturer, storage distribution, and preservatives led to a massive increase in the number and type of products and brands available in industrialized nations. Thus, packaging became a vital means of differentiating items and informing busy consumers.Packaging today, is regarded, as an essential part of a successful business practice. Package design became a marketing mix promotion tool, and as a new corporate cost-consciousness developed in response to increased competition, companies began to alter packaging techniques as a way to cut production, storage, and distribution expenses. Furthermore, marketers began to view packaging as a successful marketing tool to feat existing product lines by adding new items and to ticker new life into maturing product line 2.2.4 Packaging AttributesFood products brands use a range of packaging attributes, which comprises of packaging colors, packaging designs, shapes, messages, and symbols (Pinya Silayoi Mark Speece, Oct, 2004) 1. These attributes attracts and sustains the attention of consumers and help them to identify with the images presented. The importance of packaging design and the use of packaging as a vehicle for communication and branding are growing in packaged food competitive markets.Consumers intentions to purchase packaged products depend on the degree of extent to which consumers expect that the product will satisfy their need when they will consume it. But there are certain situations when they havent even heard about the products so much while entering into the stores, (especially in the case of new products) so the intentions to purchase that very particular product is basically determined by what is communicated at the point of sale. So, at the time of sale when the product is not familiar to the consumer, the only factor that attracts consumers to purchase is Packaging which is also called as Silent Salesperson. It acts as s silent salesperson and became a critical factor when the consumer decision making process is in progress, and how they perceive it depends upon the communication elements, which become the key factor to success for marketing strategies.Now to achieve that communication goal effectively and to optimize the potential of packaging, the marketers and the package designers must have to consider consumer perception point, their past experiences, their needs wants, and understand how packaging design layouts get consumers to notice the package and notice messages on the package and evaluate packaging design and labeling for their effectiveness in the communication effort because it is also important to notice that not all consumers evaluate the packaging in the same way.2.5 Packaging Functions and ElementsPinya Silayoi and Mark Speece (2004), defines the basic functions of packaging logistically and marketing by their role. The logistical function of packaging is mainly to protect the product from incidence of damage, spoilage or loss through theft or misplace goods during movement through the distribution channel. While in the context of marketing function, the packaging should be attractive enough and well design, so that it conveys the message of product attributes clearly.Now whatever the logical considerations of packaging, the marketing function of packaging attributes plays a vital role as a communicator and it is only the package that sells the product by attracting and communicating the consumers, and allows the product to be comprised, divvy up, unitized and protected.Quality judgments are largely influenced by product charactertics reflected by packaging, because packages overall features can underline the uniqueness and ori ginality of the product. If the packaging attributes communicates high quality, consumers assume that the product is of high quality. However if the package symbolizes or communicates low quality, consumers transfer this low quality perception to the product itself. So the packaging acts as communicator and communicates favorable or unfavorable implied meaning about the product. Mark Speece (2004) suggests that consumers are more likely to spontaneously imagine aspects of how a product looks tastes, feels, smells, or sounds while they are viewing a product picture on the package.A review of the above literature indicates that there are mainly four packaging elements potentially affecting consumer purchase decisions. They can be separated into two categories visual and informational elements. The visual elements consist of graphics, images size and shape of packaging. Informational elements relate to product information and information about the technologies used in the package. Howe ver the product information can further be categorized into food labeling, ingredients information, nutrition information, usage detail, and manufacturers / company details, manufacturing and expiry information etc.2.6 Variables of Packaging2.6.1 Visual Elements2.6.1.1 Graphics and ColorThe implication of graphics is explained by the images created on the product. Graphics designs are visual presentations which include layout, color combinations, typography, and product photography all of which create a positive and distinctive image. For consumers, the package is the product, and different consumers respond to different packages in different ways depending on their involvement level (Silayoi Speece, 2004). For low involvement products, such as FMCG, where initial impressions formed during initial contact can have lasting impact and where evaluation of attributes is less important in decision making, here then a highly noticeable factor such as graphics and colors becomes more impo rtant (Grossman and Wisenblit, 1999) (3). On the other hand, the behavior of consumers towards high involvement products is mostly influenced by image issues. For low involvement, there is a strong impact on consumer decision making from the development of the market through marketing communications, including image building (Kupiec and Revell, 2001). (4)2.6.1.2 Placement of Visual Impact Elements MattersIn packaging layouts, the placement of visual elements also plays an important role for consumer psyche, because a psychic research of Rettie and Brewer, (2000) (5) indicates that brain laterality results in an asymmetry in the perception of elements in packaging designs. The recall of package elements/attributes is likely to be influenced by their lateral pass position on the package, as well as by other usually recognized factors, such as font color, font size and font style. Research shows that for verbal stimuli recall is better when the copy is on the right-hand side of the pac kage, and better for non-verbal stimuli when it is on the left-hand side. This may imply that, in order to maximize consumers recall, pictorial elements, such as product photography, typography, it should be positioned on the left-hand side of the package.Grossman and Wisenblit (1999) (6), says in their research that consumers also learn color associations, which lead them to prefer certain colors for certain product categories. For a unique particular brand, using color as a clue on packaging can nurture a potentially strong association. However people in different cultures are exposed to different colors and according their own culture they develop different color preferences. So as a marketer, color consideration should be the part of their marketing strategies and by keeping in mind the color consideration according to people perception in different culture, colors of a particular logo, package or product design should be done after a thorough understanding of color association according to culture.2.6.1.3 Packaging Size and ShapeSilayoi and Speece, (2004) states that in packaging, the other visual elements such as size and shape are also important in consideration. Package size, shape and elongation also affect consumer judgments and considerations. Consumers use these things as simplifying visual heuristics to make volume judgments. They generally perceive more elongated packages to be larger.In case of sizes, especially for generic products, different sizes of packages may appeal to consumer with different involvement level. Usually generic products are packaged in larger sizes, which communicate to consumers who are specifically looking for good deals. So, this implies that when the product quality is hard to determine, as with generics, the packaging size effect is important. Thus elongating the shape, within acceptable bound, should result in consumer thinking of the package as better value for money also conceivably affect perceived volume.2.6.2 Inf ormational Elements2.6.2.1 Product InformationProduct information includes information elements, such as food labeling, nutrition information, health information, ingredients information, manufactures date, expiry date.In high involvement level, the behavior of consumers toward product characterized is less influenced by image issues, graphical and visual response, in such cases consumer seeks product information which is one of the important packaging functions to communicate. (Kupiec and Revell, 2001 Silayoi and Speece, 2004). (7) Written information on the package can assists consumers in making their decisions carefully as they consider product characteristics.Package layout is important for information presentation. Food labeling is considered as significant information on packaging and a recent study shows that 90 percent of the consumers trends towards healthier eating have highlighted the importance of labeling, which also allows consumers the opportunity to cautiously consi der alternatives and make informed food choices. However, packaging information can create confusion by conveying either too much misleads the inaccurate information. Manufacturers and package designers often use very small fonts and very dense writing styles to pack extensive information on the label, which lead to poor readability and sometimes confusion.As confusion can affect consumer decision quality, So Mitchell and Papavassiloiu (1999) (8), suggests that consumer confusion of information overload can be reduced by narrowing down their choice sets, because by reducing their choice alternatives and evaluation attributes decreases the probability that they will be confused by excessive choice and information overload. This strategy could also be applied to more experience consumers, because loyal consumers potentially look fewer brand alternatives. So, it is the experience which makes consumer more selectively perspective and restrict the scope of their choices.Hughes (1998) (9) , in one of his journals grabs the attention towards involvement level, that sometimes involvement level reflects the extent of personal relevance of the individuals personal goals, basic values and self concept. If the product does not stimuli much interest, consumers do not give much attention to it. High involvement level shows more personal relevance. In general, consumer acquisition of low involvement products is often done without carefully examining brand and product information. This lack of commitment suggests that information on the package would carry relatively less value in such cases. On the other hand, more highly involved consumers evaluate message information more carefully, relying on the message to form their attitudes and purchase intentions (Silayoi and Speece, 2004).2.6.2.2 Packaging TechnologyPackaging for the FMCG food products in market plays a vital role in promoting the product to the customer, as well as carrying informative and legislative detail. Combin ing these roles requires commercial awareness, detailed knowledge of the relevant technologies, creative image care and consideration of the effect of colors, typography, photography that must support the product or brand. Design and technology of packaging decoration for the users market guides you through the technical and commercial factors to consider when planning the decoration, or label, of a package (10). Technology is basically somewhat related to the informational elements, because packaging technology conveys informational messages such as nutrition, health, ingredients which is linked to the consumer life style, so the technology of packaging development that constrained in the message communicated through technology must fulfill consumers need criteria.Consumers are even often prepared to pay slightl

Chemical Composition of the Cell: Questions and Answers

chemical substance firearm of the cellular phone fountainheads and sayschemical substance composition Of The stall hesitancyWhich of the close be called second class proteins?A. arrange proteinsB. Animal proteinsC. Food proteinsD. Milk proteinsAnswer A reasonPlant proteins argon called secondary class proteins because they generally contain less of the essential amino group acids hesitancyHow proteins can be broken?A. Enzymes B. Digestive enzymesC. Amino acidsD. DietAnswer B originProteins can be broken down by digestive enzymes into smaller polypeptides, dipeptides and the amino acids. division word form 4 yield chemic war paint Of The CellBil (603) motion Which of the pursuance can found a keratin in it?I. HairII. Nail troika. FeatherIV. Fibroin in silkA. I and II just nowB. I and tierce onlyC. I, II and triad D. I, II, tercet and IVAnswer D causal agentThe secondary structure is the regular arrangement of the polypeptide chain to solve a helix or pleat ed sheet maintain by hydrogen bonds. Example ar keratin found in hair, nails, horn, feather and fibroin in silk. orchest step mold 4 effect Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (604) doubt Where be lipids will insoluble? A. In waterB. Outside waterC. In organic solventsD. ChloroformAnswer A closeLipids argon insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, either and chloroform. organise spring 4 way out Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (605) movement How more main groups of lipids?A. 2B. 3 C. 4D. 5Answer C formerThe main groups of lipids are four. There arei. Fats and oil (also know as triglycerides)ii. Phospholipidsiii. Steroidsiv. Waxes forge model 4 motif Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (606)Question Which of the following are other name for bad cholesterol?A. DLD cholesterol B. LDL cholesterolC. GlyceroD. EsterAnswer B lawsuitA high intake of saturated fats and cholesterol would out produce LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) levels in the blood. practice Form 4 depicted object Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (607)Question Which of the following is a precursor of cholesterol?I. Bile saltsII. Vitamin DIII. Steroids hormonesIV. Vitamin AA. I and II onlyB. I and III only C. I, II and IIID. I, II, III and IVAnswer CReasonCholesterol is a component of cell membrane. It is precursor of bile salts, vitamin D and steroid hormones such as oestrogen and seeosterone.Form Form 4 publication Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (608)Question Which of the following are formed by a phospholipids molecule?A. Condensation of glycerol moleculeB. Other lipidsC. Condensation of two glycerol D. Condensation of one glycerolAnswer DReasonA phospholipid molecule is formed form contraction of one glycerol molecule with two oily acid molecules and a phosphate groupForm Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (609)Question Which of the following are true about the similarities between unsaturated fats and satur ated fats?I. Both are triglyceridesII. They are formed from condensation of glycerol and fatty acids with removal of waterIII. Hydrolysis of triglycerides produces glycerol and fatty acids.IV. They function as an nada store and act as a source of energy for cellular metabolismA. I and II onlyB. I and III onlyC. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IVAnswer DReasonThe similarities between unsaturated fats and saturated fats arei. Both are triglyceridesii. They are formed from condensation of glycerol and fatty acids with removal of wateriii. Hydrolysis of triglycerides produces glycerol and fatty acids.iv. They function as an energy store and act as a source of energy for cellular metabolism.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (610)Question Which of the following are secreted by the sebaceous gland? A. SebumB. CholesterolC. PhospholipidsD. LecithinAnswer AReasonSebum is a lipid secreted by the sebaceous glandForm Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (6 11)Question What are esters of fatty acids with long-chain alcohols?A. Sebum B. WaxesC. PhospholipidsD. LecithinAnswer BReasonWaxes are esters of fatty acids with long-chain alcoholsForm Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (612)Question Which of the followings also know as triglycerides?A. Steroids B. Fats and oilsC. PhospholipidsD. LecithinAnswer BReasonFats and oils also knows as triglyceridesForm Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (613)Question What is the ration the hydrogen to oxygen?A. 1 2 B. 2 1C. 2 2D. 3 1Answer BReasonCarbohydrates are organic compounds containing the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen to oxygen ration is 21.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (614)Question Which of the followings are the most common lipids?I. FatsII. PhospholipidsIII. OilsIV. WaxesA. I and II only B. I and III onlyC. I, II and IIID. I, II, III and IVAnswer BReasonFats and oils are the most common lipidsForm Form 4 Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (615)Question Which of the cast off a basic four interconnected ring hydrocarbon structure with unalike running(a) side chains?A. Fats and oilsB. PhospholipidsC. Waxes D. SteroidsAnswer DReasonSteroids sire a basic four interconnected ring hydrocarbon structure with different functional side chains.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (616)Question Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true?A. All enzymes in living organisms curb an optimum temperature of 37C.B. Enzymes increase the activation energy for the chemical receptions they catalyse.C. Enzymes are denatured at 0C. D. Enzymes function as organic catalystsAnswer DReasonThe optimum temperature is the temperature at which the rate of reaction is at a maximum, which is about 35 40OC. Above the optimum temperature, the increased kinetic energy cause the chemical bonds, which hold the enzyme molecule in shape, to brake. For many organisms, the rate of reactions stops at 60OC due to complete denaturation of body enzymes. Enzymes function as organic catalystsForm Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (617)Question The diagram appearances the lock-and- tombstone mechanism of enzyme action. Which of the following statements is correct? A. P is the bring out and Q is the lockB. Q is the lock and P is the keyC. Q is the key and R is the lockD. R is the lock and Q is the keyAnswer AReasonThe diagram shows the lock-and-key hypothesis to explain mechanism of enzyme action. substrate molecule P acts as the key and enzyme molecule Q acts as the lock.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (618)Question The graph shows the effect of increasing temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction controlled by enzyme catalase. Which is the correct line that continues the graph after 37C?A. AB. BC. CD. DAnswer CReasonThe graph shows the effect of increasing temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction con trolled by enzyme catalase. For many organism, the rate of reaction stops at 60C due to complete denaturation of body enzymeForm Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (619)Question An experiment was carried out to show the effect of temperature on the action of pepsin. The table below shows the contents in test tubes M, N, O, P and the temperatures of the different solutions. The results obtained were then plotted as shown in the graph. The frosty variables are enzyme denseness, substrate concentration and volume of starch suspension.Which of the following graphs I, II, III or IV shows the results of the experiment obtained after 10 minutes?A. AB. BC. C D. DAnswer DReasonAn experiment was carried out to show the effect of temperature on the action of pepsin. The table below shows the contents in test tubes I, II, III, IV and the temperatures of the different solutions. The results obtained were then plotted as shown in the graph. The fixed variables are enzyme concen tration, substrate concentration and volume of starch suspension. The results shows of the experiment obtained after 10 minutesForm Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (620)Question Where there is an excess of substrate, which graph institutes the effect of increasing concentration of enzyme on the rate of reaction?A. AB. BC. C D. DAnswer DReasonIncreasing enzyme concentration increases the number of active localises available to catalyse the chemical reaction. The rate reaction id directly proportional to the concentration of enzyme, as long as other factors (substrate, temperature and Ph) are not limiting. Where the substance concentration becomes the limiting factor (that is, substrate is in short supply), further increase in enzyme concentration will not increase the rate of reactionForm Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (621)Question According to the lock and key hypothesis, which is the lock and the key for enzyme rennin?A. AB. BC. CD. DAnswe r DReasonThe lock and key mechanism propose that the substrate molecule fits into the active site of the enzyme molecule in the same way that a key fits into a lock. The substrate represents the key and the enzyme, the lock. Rennin is used to coagulate milk proteins in cheese production.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (622)Question Fresh pineapple juice contains the enzyme protease. A petri dish containing lactose-free milk agar is prepared. Four healthfuls are made in the milk agar. Each soundly is filled with a different solution as shown in the diagram. The petri dish is incubated in an oven at 37C. Which wells are border by a clear region after 3 hours?A. 1 and 4 B. 2 and 3C. 3 and 4D. 2, 3 and 4Answer BReasonFresh pineapple juice contains the enzyme protease. A petri dish containing lactose-free milk agar is prepared. Four wells are made in the milk agar. Each well is filled with a different solution as shown in the diagram. The petri dish is incuba ted in an oven at 37C. Wells 2 and 3 are surrounded by a clear region after 3 hours.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (623)Question certain(a) blue-green bacteria can live in hot springs becauseA. they remain in the cyst formB. the bacterial enzymes are denatured C. the bacterial enzymes have optimal temperatures of 70C or higherD. they have thick vesistant cell wallAnswer CReasonCertain blue-green bacteria can live in hot springs because the bacterial enzymes have optimal temperatures of 70C or higherForm Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (624)Question The diagram shows the mechanism of an enzyme-controlled reaction. Which of the molecules P, Q, R, or S represents the enzyme?A. PB. QC. RD. SAnswer BReasonThe diagram shows the lock-and-key hypothesis to explain mechanism of enzyme action. Substrate molecule P acts as the key and enzyme molecule Q acts as the lock. Molecule Q is the enzyme moleculeForm Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of Th e CellBil (625)Question The diagram shows the mechanism of enzyme action. Which property of enzyme is shown in the diagram?A. Enzyme structure is denatured by extremes of pH.B. Temperature upholds the rate of enzyme reaction.C. Enzyme reaction is non-specific.D. Structure of enzyme remains unchanged at the oddity of the reaction.Answer DReasonMore extreme changed in pH not affect enzyme activity temporarily and the unchanged. The diagram above that structure of enzyme remains unchanged at the end of the reactionForm Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (626)Question The active site of an enzyme isA. identical to its substrateB. identical to the active sites of other enzymes C. complementary to its substrateD. denatured at the end of a chemical reactionAnswer CReasonThe enzyme name is derived by adding the suffix ase at the end of the name of its substrate. Each enzyme has aprecise three dimensional shape with a groove called the active site that is complementary to its substrateForm Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (627)Question Catalase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to release oxygen and water.2H2O2 2H2O + O2Hydrogen peroxide is toxic if allowed to accumulate in the tissues. Tissues that are metabolically active produce to a greater extent catalase. An experiment is set up as shown in the diagram. In which test tube would throttle bubbles be released most rapidly?A. A B. BC. CD. DAnswer BReasonIn test tube B which have small chicken liver piece and 10cm3 hidrogen peroxide would gas bubbles be released most rapidly.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (628)Question How many chemical components of carbohydrates in the cells? A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 7Answer AReasonCarbohydrates, proteins and lipids are important component in the cells. There are four types of carbohydrates which are glucose, starch, glycogen and cellulose.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (629)Question Which of the following are consequences of deficiency for cellulose?I. Muscles cannot contractII. Low levels of antibodies resulting in low electric resistance against diseasesIII. No coordination of cellular activitiesIV. Plasma membrane not formed A. I onlyB. I and III onlyC. I, II and IIID. I, II, III and IVAnswer AReasonCarbohydrates, proteins and lipids are important component in the cells.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (630)Question Which of the following are type of chemical component that low rate of respiration?I. GlucoseII. StarchIII. GlycogenIV. Cellulose A. I onlyB. I and III onlyC. I, II and IIID. I, II, III and IVAnswer AReasonCarbohydrates, proteins and lipids are important component in the cells.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (631)Question Which of the following cannot transport oxygen by red blood cells?A. Proteins B. HaemoglobinC. Membrane proteinsD. EnzymesAnswer BReasonCarbohydrates, proteins and lipids are important component in the cells.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (632)Question Which of the following will come down the respiratory rate in carbohydrates?A. WaterB. IntercellularC. Energy D. DeficiencyAnswer DReasonDeficiency in carbohydrates will decrease the respiratory rate and insufficient energy is produces for cellular activities.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (633)Question Which of the following are biochemical reactions in the cells proceeding at a rate? A. Lack of enzyme resultsB. Extracellular enzymeC. Intercellular enzymesD. Enzyme catalysedAnswer AReasonLack of enzymes results in biochemical reaction in the cells proceeding at a rate too slow to sustain life action.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (634)Question Which of the following formation of plasma membranes?A. Deficiency in enzymeB. Deficiency in proteins C. Deficiency in lipidsD. Deficiency in carbohydratesAnswer CReasonDefic iency in lipids prevents formation of plasma membranes and absorption of vitamins A, D, E and K.Form Form 4Topic Chemical Composition Of The CellBil (635)Question Which of the following will cause stunted growth?A. Deficiency in enzyme B. Deficiency in proteinsC. Deficiency in lipidsD. Deficiency in carbohydratesAnswer BReasonDeficiency in proteins will cause stunted growthForm Form 4Topic Cell courseBil (636)Question Which of the following are the correct sequences of sets in inter sort?A. G1 phase G2 phase S phase B. G1 phase S phase G2 phaseC. S phase G1 phase G2 phaseD. S phase G2 phase G1 phaseAnswer BReasonInterphase occurs before mitosis. The chromosomes are unfoldd, thin threads called chromatin. They are difficult to see infra the light microscope. Interphase can be separate into 3 phases G1 phase S phase G2 phaseForm Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (637)Question o The cell grows rapidly in size of ito There is high metabolic rate, synthesis of prote ins and cellular organellesThe processes above occur in which stage of interphase?A. M phaseB. S phaseC. G2 phase D. G1 phase Answer DReasonInterphase occurs before mitosis. The chromosomes are elongated, thin threads called chromatin. They are difficult to see under the light microscope. Interphase can be divided into 3 phases G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase. G1 phase also known as growth phase I. G1 cells have high metabolic rate and synthesis of proteins and cellular organelles occurs. The G1 phase cell growth rapidly in size.Form Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (638)Question Which of the following is not true about cancer?A. It is caused by uncontrolled mitosisB. It may be caused by a mutation in a gene or genes C. It is a class of diseases characterised by benign tumoursD. Exposure to ultraviolet light and X-rays may increase the guess of contracting cancerAnswer CReasonCancer is caused by uncontrolled mitosis. It may be caused by a mutation in a gene or genes. Benign tumours usually grow slowly and are not cancerous. They are localized lumps of cells and generally do not invade adjacent tissues or spread to other side. Exposure to ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation and X-rays may increase the risk of contracting cancer.Form Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (639)Question Which of the following statements is not true?A. Mitosis produces daughter cells genetically identical to each other B. Cytokinesis is the synthesis of new cytoplasmC. Clones are genetically identical cellsD. myosis occurs during the formation of gametesAnswer BReasonForm Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (640)Question How many cells are produced by a fertilized ovum which undergoes a series of six mitotic divisions?A. 6B. 12C. 32 D. 64Answer DReasonThe mitotic phase (M phase) includes mitosis and cytokinesis. During mitosis, the nucleus, containing the duplicated chromosomes, divided to form two daughter nuclei. During crytokinesis the cell crytoplasm divides into two. Cell division occurs that is, the parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Each daughter cell then enters into interphase. 64 cells are produced by a zygote which undergoes a series of six mitotic divisionsForm Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (641)Question An wildcat somatic cell has a diploid number of 24 chromosomes. What is the number of chromosomes in a sperm and a liver cell of the same living creature?A. A B. BC. CD. DAnswer BReasonAn brute somatic cell has a diploid number of 24 chromosomes. In a sperm have 12 chromosomes and a 24 liver cell of the same animalForm Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (642)Question The bar chart shows the amount of DNA present in a somatic cell of an animal at different stages of mitosis. How many DNA units would be present in the nucleus of one cell of this animal at the end of the first meiotic division?A. 0B. 2C. 4D. 8Answer BReasonMitosis is a continuous process. However, for purpose of discussion, it usually divided into four main stages. There a re prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Telophase are the two sets of chromosomes have separated and have reached the opposite poles of the cell. So, the bar chart shows the amount of DNA present in a somatic cell of an animal at different stages of mitosis. Two DNA units would be present in the nucleus of one cell of this animal at the end of the first meiotic divisionForm Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (643)Question The diagram represents the life cycle of a flowering plant. At which stage does mitosis occur?A. AB. BC. CD. DAnswer DReasonThe diagram represents the life cycle of a flowering plant. Mitosis occur from zygote to flowering plants.Form Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (644)Question The diagram shows movements within a cell during mitosis. What do the three curves represent?A. A B. BC. CD. DAnswer BReasonIn the metaphase in plant cell, the centromeres of most plants do not have a pair of centrioles poles of the spindle fibre. The centromeres of the chromosomes and the poles of the spindle fibres. Each chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids is attracted by the centromere to a spindle fibre. At the end of metaphase, each centromere divides into two.Form Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (645)Question Which of the following are the similarities between mitosis and cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells?I. the cells go through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophaseII. have a pair of centrioles within their centrosomesIII. Occurs in certain typesIV. centrosomes of most do not have a pair of centrioles A. I onlyB. I and III onlyC. I, II and IIID. I, III and IVAnswer AReasonThe similarities between mitosis and cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells arei. Both animal and plant cells go through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophaseii. Each parent cell divides once to produce two daughteriii. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and are genetically identical to the parent cell.Form Form 4Topic Cell D ivisionBil (646)Question The diagram shows a chromosome after DNA replication. Which of the following are consist of it?I. two sister chromatidsII. centromereIII. one chromatidIV. ChromatinA. I onlyB. I and III only C. I, II and IIID. I, II, III and IVAnswer CReasonThe diagram shows a chromosome after DNA replication seen during prophase. It is seen to consist of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere. infant chromatids and centromere are in one chromatidForm Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (647)Question Which of the following is not a inconsistency between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?A. AB. BC. CD. DAnswer AReason 3Form Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (648)Question A dye commonly used to stain chromosomes in cells of onion root meristems isA. eosin B. aceto-orceinC. tincture of iodineD. methylene blueAnswer BReasonA dye commonly used to stain chromosomes in cells of onion root meristems is aceto-orceinForm Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (649)Question The diagram shows a chromosome at Prophase I, meiosis. What are structures P and Q?A. AB. BC. CD. DAnswer AReasonThe diagram shows a chromosome at Prophase I in meiosis It is seen to consist of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere.Form Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (650)Question The diagram shows the longitudinal section of a flower. Where does meiosis occur in the flower?A. 1 and 2 onlyB. 2 and 3 onlyC. 2 and 4 onlyD. 3 and 4 onlyAnswer CReasonThe diagram shows the longitudinal section of a flower. Meiosis occur in the flower are at pollen mother cells and embryo sac mother cell. Pollen mother cells in the another undergo meiosis to produce microspores that develop into pollen grains. The embryo sac mother cell in the ovule undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspore, one of which is the origin of the bollock cellForm Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (651)Question Which of the following is not a difference between mitosis and meiosis? A. AB. BC. CD. DAnswer AReasonForm Form 4Topic Ce ll DivisionBil (652)Question Which of the following are true about interphase?I. occurs before Meiosis III. cell size is increasesIII. replication of DNA occursIV. the centrioles replicateA. I onlyB. I and III onlyC. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IVAnswer DReasonInterphase arei. Occurs before Meiosis Iii. The cell increase in sizeiii. Replication of DNA occurs.There is duplication of chromosomesiv. The centrioles replicateForm Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (653)Question What is an example of polyploidy?A. FertilisationB. Meiosis C. The tetraploid conditionD. MitosisAnswer CReasonThe tetraploid condition is an example of polyploidy. Polyploidy is the condition where organisms have more than a diploid number of chromosomesForm Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (654)Question Which of the following are elevated in animal?A. Polypoidy B. PolyploidyC. HaploidD. MitosisAnswer BReasonPolyploidy cannot be sustained and is rare in animal. Offspring are usually not viable and are aborte d. Hence, it is very important to maintain the diploid chromosomal number from propagation to generation to support life.Form Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (655)Question Which of the following are types of cells undergo meiosis?I. In the human formalII. In the human ovaryIII. In flowering plantIV. In fruit plantA. I onlyB. I and III only C. I, II and IIID. I, II, III and IVAnswer CReasonThere are three types of cells undergo meiosis. There are in the human testis (the manful reproductive organ that produce sperm), in the human ovary (the female reproductive organ that produce ova) and in flowering plantsForm Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (656)Question How many haploids sets of chromosomes are created?A. 1 B. 2C. 3D. 4Answer BReasonChromosomes arrive at the poles, elongate and become long, thin chromaytin threads again. Two haploids sets of chromosomes are createdForm Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (657)Question Which of the following is as chiasmata?A. Meiosis occursB. Mit osis occurs C. Crossing-over occursD. Polyploidy occursAnswer CReasonCrossing-over occurs. There is exchange of segments of genetic material between non sister chromatids within a pair of homologous chromosomes. Crossing-over at site knows as chiasmataForm Form 4Topic Cell DivisionBil (658)Question Which of the following are called a tetrad?

Caring for Child and Family with terminal Illness

Caring for Child and Family with terminal IllnessThe prey of this assignment is to critic in ally explore the apprehension of paediatric alleviant divvy up and the relevance of a peasantrens hospice in Ireland. A critical analysis of literature surrounding this topic depart be undertaken in order to gain an in-depth understanding. Key elements relating to paediatric mitigatory awe will be highlighted. Finally, the author will conclude on appropriateness of a hospice for swan children.An initial need for palliative c atomic number 18 for children was acknowledged in the 1980s having determine the need for this service, a nun opened and successfully ran a hospice for roll children (Rowse 2008). Interestingly, thirty years on, there is much debate surrounding the advantages and single step to the fores of a national childrens hospice in Ireland. However, contrary to beliefs and the success of many an(prenominal) hospices, it is recognised by the part of wellness and Chi ldren (DOHC) (2001) Rowse (2008) Watson et al (2009) Bishop et al (2008) that children with a life-limiting malady are best cared for at home. In addition, Watson et al (2009) outlined that when the premature death of a child was evident, the option of home, hospice or hospital as a place of death was presented to a child and their family, the majority of children and their families chose home. Caring for a child with a life-limiting disease layabout be a stressful and exhausting experience it can put enormous pressures on the family unit (Wolff 2008).From personal experience, a familys dynamics can be follow throughn to change over a period of time when a child is born or diagnosed with a life-limiting illness. Individual family members see to take up a specific role when faced with a diagnosis of a life-limiting illness. A life check-illness can be viewed as a condition that has no cure at present and will inevitably lead to the premature death a child (International Childr ens alleviant Care Network (ICPCN) 2008 DOHC 2005). However, in many cases of paediatric palliative care it is very difficult to place a time frame on the length of the illness and its trajectory. Watson et al (2009) illustrated that these factors depend greatly on the case-by-caseist childs diagnosis and the rarity of the illnesses being experienced.The DOHC (2010) identified conditions and diseases that children some commonly suffer with and divided them into 4 individual groups according to their types. However, experience and boost reading has demonstrate that, in reality these illnesses dont always stand alone and can be combined with another illness or condition as a result they may not always fit into a specific group type. Therefore, demand change and vary depending on the individual. age et al (1996) identified that an alarming 60% of children suffering with a life-limiting illness were dying from non cancer related conditions. It would appear difficult to clearly a scertain how long individual paediatric palliative care preparednesss would needed for, as many of the paediatric cases are unique in there diagnoses and have vast amounts of unfathomed variables.Similarly, these problems can be mirrored at heart the pornographic population of individuals with an talented disability, many individuals at bottom this group are living with complex mental/ physiological illnesses throughout their brooks, a further diagnosis of a life-limiting illness and its illness trajectory is surrounded by even more uncertainty (Gary and Stein 2008). Unfortunately, individuals with an intellectual disability are viewed as being one of the most disadvantage groups in society (Ryan McQuillan 2005). It would appear that a comparison could be drawn to a childs position regarding their needs, Watson et al (2009) highlighted that when a child is at an advanced stage within the illness trajectory many problems can occur, however, children unlike enceintes tend to live many years longer many parents find this extremely difficult. From the authors experience many individuals with a primary diagnosis of severe intellectual disabilities and a life-limiting illness, appear to live longer than that envisaged by the doctor. Although it has been acknowledged by the DOHC (2005), that within the trajectory of a child illness, children can cross over in their requirements for care needs throughout their illness due to the individuality of cases. The same has not been recognised within individuals with an intellectual disability.It can be argued that there are similarities between the philosophies of adult and paediatric palliative care. Gaining recognition of these differences has proven difficult to achieve (Richie 2008). In addition to this, Malcom et al (2008) acknowledged that children and adult palliative care principles were comparable, although, the uniqueness and specialist field of paediatric palliative care continues to emerge on its merits. McCulloch et al (2008) identified that paediatric palliative care principles are largely based on adaptation of the adult principles. However, Watson et al (2009) recognised some variations of these were developmental factors, bettermentes to consultation, physiology/pharmacokinetics, family structure and function, school and finally illness trajectory. Unfortunately, Dangel (2002) acknowledged that in the past some groups of children within Europe, where paediatric palliative care was not recognised or offered as part of multidisciplinary team involvement, a predisposing factor for the more recent tapered pattern of children receiving the provisions and benefits of a palliative care input. Furthermore, The European Association of alleviant Care (2009) advocated that a child should not be compared to that of a small adult, it was reiterated that their individual needs differed to that of an adult, although adult palliative care knowledge and experience can be a valuable and enri ched source of well(p)ise.The World Health transcription (WHO) (2002a) illustrated that adult palliative care aims to improve quality of life for patients and their families with problems associated with life-threatening illness, this can be achieved through the prevention, relief, early identification, holistic assessment and treatment of pain, encompassing all factors associated with physical, psychosocial and spiritual needs. Moreover, the paediatric definition applied by the WHO (1998a) bears a very close resemblance to that of the adult definition, however, central to the paediatric definition is active natural care of the childs body, mind and spirit, giving living to the family from the start of diagnose and will continue regardless of whether or not a child receives treatment enjoin at the disease, this should be a broad multidisciplinary approach availing of union resources provided tertiary care including that of the home. Furthermore, a Report of the National Adviso ry Committee on Palliative Care (2001) stated that, if a child requires a palliative care service due to their life-limiting illness, their individual needs must be addresses and differ from that of adults. As a direct result of the recommendations published within this report, the DOHC (2005) devised a document on the assessment needs of a child needing palliative care.Murphy (2009) cited by Hawley (2010) outlined that the collaboration and interagency workings of professionals and families is key to unlocking the puzzle and viewing the holistic needs of a child and family. Interestingly, Hawley (2010) Gary and Stein (2008) McKechnie (2006) reported that as professionals we only see the needs of individuals based on the experiences and components that our own disciplines allow us to see. The needs of a child are identified by the DoHC (2010), where they foresee the future provision of paediatric palliative care in Ireland. Within this insight there is much change and some encouragi ng prospects for the field of paediatric palliative care. The briny areas within both medical and nursing care that are being addressed are specialist paediatric positions, education and training, co-operation and collaboration between paediatric and palliative care services (DOHC 2005). Furthermore, in light of the primary care strategy DOHC (2001) the focus of health care is being developed within the community setting, lead by General Practitioners, Public Health Nurses (PHNs) and other members of the multidisciplinary team. The question on many people minds is, is there adequate funding, recourses and trained stave in place to fix with the number of complex palliative care cases?It would appear that the Department of Health and Children and the Irish Hospice Foundation have worked collaboratively in response to the needs of those within the community and paediatric palliative care, concurring with recent advances in publication of paediatric palliative care. However, it would a ppear that the greatest financial input has espouse from the voluntary sector. The Irish Hospice Foundation (2010) has vowed to provide somewhere in the region of 2.25 million over the next ternary to five years to fund the hail of providing eight outreach nurses with specific training to work and care for children with life-limiting illnesses. Furthermore, the Jack and Jill Foundation a registered charity, also provide 3m annually to families whose children suffer with a form of sense damage, providing them with financial and emotion support in their homes. Hynson et al (2003) identified that as home care is central to paediatric palliative care it would appear the most appropriate place to begin supporting in the task of improving the quality of life, reducing fears and allowing families to continue with as much normality as assertable within their lives. However, in the case where home care is not appropriate or possible due to the complexity of illnesses, lack of trained nu rses or that of geographic problems, a hospice may be more appropriate from that of an acute hospital setting.It was been well documented that children with a life-limiting illness and their families needing palliative care support, require a holistic approach to their individual case (Wolfe et al 2000). This can be an extremely challenging experience for the health care professional. To provide adequate care it is important to assess the needs of health care professional as well as the service users needs. Papafadatou (1997) identified that as health care professionals deal with a death of a child, they too can become disheartened by their failed attempts to save a childs life, this can happen on different three levels, firstly, the feeling of not being able to save the childs life, secondly, as a practitioner they could not protect the child from harm and thirdly the feeling of traitorousness to the parents who trusted them with their child. The importance of supervision is reite rated by Butterworth and Faugier (1992), where it allows professionals to care for their emotional, social, physical and physiological needs. It would appear easier to be achieved within a hospice due to the central locality of staff.Having identified concerns related to paediatric palliative care, is it not more commendable to have a paediatric hospice that encompasses all needs supported by highly practised staff, adapted and equipment within this specific area of medicine. An advantage of a hospice could be that of continuity of care and expertise management of rare and complex conditions. However, a disadvantage could be pickings a child out of its familiar environment, causing fear and anxiety. The DOHC (2005) illustrate that only in exceptional and rare circumstances is taking a child out of its home is in the best interest of the child and their family. It only seems natural that grief associated with life-limiting illnesses will have long long-lived effects on a childs sib lings and a family as a unit. Wells (2001) outlined that coping with the death of a sibling was an impossible task a living(a) childs self esteem was directly related to the length and trajectory of the illness experience. Many problems can occur and personality changes in a surviving child can be seen following the death of a child with a life-limiting illness. However, Groot et al (2005) outlined, that these problems were less apparent when a child was cared for throughout the illness within the home environment. Again, this leads one to believe that the most appropriate place for a child to be cared for is that of the home with extensive provision of palliative care in place.However, Stelle et al (2008) identified little is known about a childs or families rational for attending a hospice. Benini et al (2008) outlines that in the Veneto region of Italy there is a paediatric palliative care network team supported by a regional paediatric hospice, there is a multi-disciplinary tea m approach with specialist supervision, training and care integrated within acute hospital services. It would appear that when a child is diagnosed with a life-limiting illness, there is a cascade of expert professionals contacted from the hospice, the child and their family then meet with the skilled professionals affiliated to the case to discuss options and resources available to them as a result they coordinate care accordingly. The ultimate aim is to try getting the child home, pending influencing factors such as locality, staffing and cost, once a home a continuous reassessment of needs is carried out by the family paediatrician who coordinates care and liaises closely with the members of the multi disciplinary team involved. From this model it would appear that the hospice has multi functions. It appears to provide professional expertise, training, skills, knowledge and is a base for experts within the profession. The above concerns are similar to that within Ireland the opti mum locality for a hospice that is accessible to all within Ireland is of great concern.Furthermore, the American Academy of Paediatricians (AAP) (2000) cited by Jennings (2005) illustrated that hospice care is different to that of palliative care, as hospice care offers a package of care incorporating multi-disciplinary team workings. However, within the DOHC (2010) it is envisaged that there will be integration and co-ordination of services in a declare oneself to provide an effective and efficient seamless palliative care service for children with life-limiting illnesses and their families within the home. In order for this to be utilize and carried out there will be an amalgamation of services from all organisations within the healthcare system. The DOHC (2005) reiterates the importance of a key worker to act as a link connecting services. The death penalty of a childrens outreach nurse will undertake this role in an attempt to co-ordinate services and facilitate the needs of health and social care professionals, (Department of Health and Children 2010).From the literature, it would appear that nurses have a greater knowledge and experience in dealing with adult palliative care cases (While et al 1996). This is primary due to the limited number of paediatric palliative care cases in Ireland. In 2002 it was believed that there was a population of 1,013,301 children in Ireland (The Government of Ireland 2007). Moreover, the Irish Hospice Foundation (2008) estimated that there are 1,369 children living in Ireland with a life-limiting illness. As there are limited cases of paediatric life-limiting illnesses many cases appeared to be spread over a wide geographic area and this is bound to pose problems for organisations, influencing the levels of available expertise, training and costs European Association of Palliative Care (EAPC) Taskforce (2007). However, under the directions of the DOHC (2010) policy it has recognised that if effective palliative care is required, it can be successfully delivered even if resources are limited. Bearing this is mind, the DOHC (2001), illustrated that there were three levels of palliative care, a minimum of level 1 should be practiced by all staff indifferent of their area of expertise. The role of outreach nurses incorporates the training needs of staff at a local level (DoHC 2010). Furthermore, within the DoHC (2010) document it states there is a requirement for a consultant paediatrician with an interest in palliative care. However, some criticism with lack of limited question within this field and the majority of guidelines are based on opinions and a need for evidence based medicine Straatman et al (2008).The All Ireland Institute for Hospices and Palliative care (2007) identified that educational programmes were being made available for staff caring for children with a life-limiting illness. This was done in order to raise standards and provide street smart evidenced based care for children wi th a life-limiting illness. However, these programmes are located in Northern Ireland recent economic difficulties do not promote attendance of staff to courses due to the financial burden and reduced staffing levels within organisations. However, within the current policy the DOHC (2010) have acknowledged that staff should ideally have knowledge, skills and confidence in both childrens and palliative care practices when providing paediatric palliative care. Many of the nurses who are experience within this field appear to work within the acute setting. While et al (1996) identifies that families have expressed a wish that when the time comes their child could die at home, however, there was some unease that without adequate nursing support this would not be possible. The Health Service Executive plan to implement a hospice home care programme, combined with a group of skilled and versed nurses providing advice and support to parents and other professionals alike who are caring for children at home (DoHC 2010).Benini et al (2008) advocates that a paediatric hospice is an important link within the paediatric palliative care chain, it can aid the transition from hospital to home, with the aim to achieve some normalisation within the childs life and prepare them for the home environment. The Cancer system (2007) sets out principles outlining the ways in which palliative care service for the adult population should be developed and met. This is reiterated globally within the World Health Organisation (2007) document. Moreover, The Department of Aging and Disability Home Care (2004) produced a report more specific to the needs of an individual with intellectual disabilities identifying how policies and procedures can be implemented to achieve standardised practice. On a paediatric level, the publication of a national policy is a starting point for things to come. The DoHC (2010) aims to provide training in paediatric palliative care, thus improving standards for those afflict with a life limiting illness. Literature informs the author that both the hospice and the home have equal credibleness when implementing palliative care principles. However, firsthand experience speaks for itself, Time is precious and whatever time a child has left should be used to ensure they are as happy as possible in a home environment ODwyer-Quinn (2010), this is a profound and very heartfelt message sent out by a mother who suffered the loss of her little girl, 5 years later, she remains heavily involved and at the forefront of paediatric palliative care, lend and present at the unveiling of the national policy on paediatric palliative care in March this year.

College Sports - Universities Must Compensate Student Athletes :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Colleges and Universities Must Compensate Student AthletesToday, magnetic variations be no longer fun and games, sports are a business, and college sports are no different. College sports provide a huge source of universities income. The school takes in money from ticket sales, television contracts, and sport-related merchandise, just to name a few. The athletes, however, receive their scholarship and little more. While the prospect of receiving a free college education is something few would complain about, when the issue is more closely examined it becomes evident that it is non enough. The universities are exploiting athletes, and recently the problems that this creates have become more prominent. More and more athletes are now leaving school early to enter the professional leagues and pip money. There have also been more reports of violations surrounding university boosters and alumni paying players. Furthermore, athletes have been accused of making deals with gamblers and al tering the outcome of games. All of these problems could be minimized, if non wholly eliminated, by adopting a program for compensating student athletes. College athletes are exploited by their schools, which make millions of dollars off of them. This leads to violations, students leaving college early, and student-athletes that domiciliatenot even afford to do their laundry. The NCAA and professional leagues can work together to institute a plan to compensate these athletes and remedy all these problems. Student athletes request money just like any other(a) college students, and many of them need it even more. According to Steve Wulf, many college athletes come from disadvantaged backgrounds (94). This means that while the free tuition is nice, they are still going to need money for other expenses that every college student faces. The NCAA finally realized this recently and decided to allow athletes to have a job earning up to $2000 during the school form (Greenlee 63). This, while well intended, is an impossibility for many, if not the majority of college athletes. As Greenlee states, The hours athletes would spend working at a job are already spoken for (63). The sport they play is their job it takes up as much time (likely more) as the normal students job at the cafeteria or student center, only they do not get paid. The schools have to make up for this by finding some way to compensate these athletes. The main reason behind not giving college athletes some form of compensation is that college athletes must be amateurs and if they are paid they will lose their status as amateurs.

Blakes The Songs of Innocence Essay -- Songs Innocence blake Essays

Blakes The Songs of InnocenceThe Songs of Innocence poems first appeared in Blakes 1784 novel, An Island in the Moon. In 1788, Blake began to compile in earnest, the collection of Songs of Innocence. And by 1789, this original volume of plates was complete. These poems are the products of the gentle mind in a state of innocence, imagination, and joy natural euphoric feelings uninhibited or tainted by the outside world. Following the completion of the Songs of Innocence plates, Blake wrote The Marriage of Heaven and Hell and it is through this dilemma of good and evil and the suffering that he witnesses on the streets of London, that he begins composing Songs of Experience. This second volume serves as a response to Songs of Innocence in that Blake is demonstrating the two polar or contrary states of the human soul and in the world that he sees around him. The images, engravings, and lyrics in Songs of Experience are much more severe, excruciating, and intense in comparison to the li ghter tones of Songs of Innocence. When we behavior at the poems in Songs of Innocence and Experience, we see that while Blake reveals both the light and dark aspects of the human existence, we also see that this dichotomy is not always a finite, black and white generalization. That is, Blake emphasizes that both the innocent and produced states of the human soul are achievable at any moment, regardless of age, past actions, or post in life. This reinforces the idea that Blakes conception of beau ideal is the power of illumination in each one of us and it is through the poetic genius that we perplex this discovery throughout the ongoing process of life. A comparison between poems from each volume illustrates these ideas and serves to demonstra... ...t, each of us can come to know God and understand our relationship with the universe through the discovery of our poetic genius. Blakes methodology of channeling his spiritual energy through his work is accomplished through the crew of poetry, song, and visual art. This provides the reader with a full aesthetic experience that universally encourages the illumination of the human soul. Through his poems which identify various types of people and situations, Blake adds that this religious experience is not limited to the creative arts. In fact, he suggests that the poetic genius is attainable through focused manual labor, intellectual conversation, and philosophical reflection, among other activities. adult males universal ability to find God through his poetic genius is Blakes inspiration, philosophy, and theological message in Songs of Innocence and Experience.